![]() These groups were collectively called the " Lovers of Zion" and were seen as countering a growing Jewish movement toward assimilation. Throughout eastern Europe in the late 19th century, numerous grassroots groups promoted the national resettlement of the Jews in their homeland, as well as the revitalization and cultivation of the Hebrew language. The term "Zionism" is derived from the word Zion ( Hebrew: ציון, Tzi-yon), a hill in Jerusalem, widely symbolizing the Land of Israel. 7.2 Characterization as colonialism, ethnic cleansing, or racist.4.4 Balfour Declaration and the Mandate for Palestine.4.3 Establishment of the Zionist Movement.4.1 Historical and religious background.Anti-Zionists view it as a colonialist, racist or exceptionalist ideology or movement. Īdvocates of Zionism view it as a national liberation movement for the repatriation of a persecuted people to its ancestral homeland. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Zionism has continued primarily to advocate on behalf of Israel and to address threats to its continued existence and security. A religious Zionist supports Jews upholding their Jewish identity (defined as adherence to religious Judaism) and has advocated the return of the Jewish people to Israel. Others have theorized it as the realization of a socialist utopia ( Moses Hess), as a need for survival in the face of social prejudices by the affirmation of self-determination ( Leon Pinsker), as the fulfillment of individual rights and freedoms ( Max Nordau) or as the foundation of a Hebrew humanism ( Martin Buber). Unlike Theodor Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, Ahad Ha'am strived for Israel to be "a Jewish State, and not merely a State of Jews". The Lovers of Zion united in 1884 and in 1897 the first Zionist congress was organized.Ī variety of Zionism, called cultural Zionism, founded and represented most prominently by Ahad Ha'am, fostered a secular vision of a Jewish "spiritual center" in Israel. In a unique variation of the principle of self-determination, it viewed this process as an ' ingathering of exiles' ( kibbutz galuyot) whereby Jews everywhere would have the right to emigrate to historical Palestine, as a haven from persecution, an area which Moses in the Bible stated was the land of their forefathers. From 1897 to 1948, the primary goal was to establish the basis for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and thereafter to consolidate it. Zionist ideology included negation of Jewish life in the Diaspora. Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired homeland in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Modern Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as a response to Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. Zionism ( Hebrew: צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to the Land of Israel, the region of Palestine, Canaan, or the Holy Land, on the basis of a long Jewish connection and attachment to that land. In his 1896 pamphlet Der Judenstaat, he envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century. Theodor Herzl was the founder of the Modern Zionist movement. ![]()
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